Table 6 Measurements of dependent variables (social participation index and psychological distress)
South Korea | China | Thailand | Vietnam | Myanmar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social participation index | Respondents were asked how frequently they currently participate in church or other religious groups; social clubs; sports clubs, arts or music groups or classes for seniors; alumni societies; societies for people from the same hometown; family councils; volunteer groups; or political party, NGOs, or interest groups | Respondents were asked how frequently, during the past 1 month, they interacted with friends; played ma-jong/cards/chess or went to community club; went to a sport, social, or other kind of club; took part in a community-related organization; engaged in voluntary or charity work; or attended an educational or training course | Respondents were asked how frequently, during the past 12 months, they participated in community-based groups (e.g., elderly clubs, co-operative/saving groups) and attended temple/church/mosque | Respondents were asked how frequently, during the past 12 months, they participated in social activities in their community, including an elderly association, farmers’ union, veterans’ association, or women's union | Respondents were asked how frequently, during the past 12 months, they participated in community or political meetings; attended religious ceremonies (including offering food to monks) or group physical exercise; or socialized with friends and neighbors |
Psychological distress | Adapted from CES-D | Adapted from SF-36 health assessment instrument | |||
Respondents were asked the extent to which, during the past week, they had felt that things bothered them; had trouble keeping their mind on things doing; felt depressed; felt that everything was an effort; felt fearful; their sleep was restless; felt happy; felt lonely; could not get going; or felt hopeful about the future | Respondents were asked extent to which, during the past week, they had felt that things bothered them; had trouble keeping their mind on things doing; felt depressed; felt that everything was an effort; felt fearful; their sleep was restless; felt happy; felt lonely; could not get going; or enjoyed life | Respondents were asked whether during the past month, they had felt sad; felt unhappy; felt depressed; felt lonely; experienced loss of appetite; felt moody/upset; worried a lot; felt hopeless; or felt that life was not worthwhile | Respondents were asked whether during the past week, they had felt sad; felt unhappy; felt depressed; felt lonely; experienced a loss of appetite; experienced sleeping difficulties; felt happy; or felt peaceful | Respondents were asked whether during the past month, they had felt sad; felt unhappy felt depressed; felt lonely; experienced a loss of appetite; felt moody/upset; experienced sleeping difficulties; felt happy; or felt peaceful | |