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Table 7 Actual and defacto childlessness and social participation among East and Southeast Asian older persons: OLS regression results

From: Social and psychological implications of actual and defacto childlessness among older persons in East and Southeast Asia

Variables

S. Korea

China

Thailand

Vietnam

Myanmar

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

Childlessness (children nearby = ref)

Actual childless (AC)

0.13

− 0.31

− 0.18

− 0.06

− 0.13***

− 0.16**

− 0.58***

− 0.80***

− 0.18*

− 0.24*

Defacto childless (DC)

0.01

0.06

− 0.16*

− 0.22*

0.01

0.01

− 0.05

0.05

− 0.10

0.07

Moderating variables

Female

0.12***

0.12***

0.08*

0.07*

0.10***

0.10***

− 0.11**

− 0.12**

− 0.13***

− 0.13***

HH wealth

0.09***

0.08***

0.05***

0.05***

0.01

0.01

0.06**

0.06**

0.07***

0.07***

Interaction terms

AC*female

 

0.40

 

− 0.24

 

0.04

 

0.31

 

0.12

DC*female

 

− 0.02

 

0.23

 

0.03

 

− 0.12

 

− 0.24

AC*HH wealth

 

− 0.35

 

− 0.18

 

− 0.04

 

0.11

 

0.05

DC*HH wealth

 

0.21***

 

0.12

 

0.06**

 

− 0.13

 

− 0.07

Control variables

Age

− 0.00

− 0.00

0.00

0.00

− 0.01***

− 0.01***

− 0.002

− 0.002

− 0.02***

− 0.02***

Marital status (currently married = ref)

 Never married

− 0.42

− 0.37

− 0.07

− 0.27

− 0.13**

− 0.12*

0.04

0.04

0.10

0.08

 Divorced/separated

− 0.43***

− 0.41***

− 0.14

− 0.14

− 0.16***

− 0.15***

0.17

0.18

− 0.06

− 0.06

 Widowed

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.01

− 0.01

− 0.06***

− 0.05***

− 0.08

− 0.08

− 0.06

− 0.06

Education (no educ = ref)

 Some primary

0.15*

0.15*

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.14**

0.14**

0.11***

0.11**

 Complete primary

0.23***

0.23***

0.12**

0.12**

0.17***

0.17***

0.36***

0.35***

0.14***

0.15**

 Beyond primary

0.47***

0.46***

0.32***

0.32***

0.03

0.03

0.40***

0.40***

0.05

0.06

Pension

0.11***

0.10***

0.16***

0.16***

0.06*

0.06*

0.68***

0.68***

0.15**

0.15**

Worked last year

0.00

− 0.00

− 0.15***

− 0.15***

0.15***

0.15***

0.14**

0.13***

0.11***

0.11**

Urban

− 0.03

− 0.03

0.06

0.06

− 0.46***

− 0.46***

− 0.35***

− 0.36***

− 0.13***

− 0.13***

Self-rated health

− 0.22***

− 0.22***

− 0.08***

− 0.08***

− 0.12***

− 0.12***

− 0.01

− 0.01

− 0.11***

− 0.11***

Solitary living

0.07

0.07

0.24***

0.24***

0.08***

0.08***

− 0.04

− 0.03

− 0.004

0.002

Psychological distress

− 0.09***

− 0.09***

− 0.10***

− 0.10***

− 0.05****

− 0.05***

0.06*

0.06**

− 0.13***

− 0.13***

Constant

0.67***

0.69***

0.09

0.09

0.76***

0.768***

− 0.11

− 0.09

1.98***

1.99***

Unweighted number

5,125

5,125

4,936

4,936

22,020

22,020

2,576

2,576

4,080

4,080

  1. Sources: KLoSA 2012, CHARLS 2011, SOPT 2011, VNAS 2011, MAS 2012. Sociodemographic variables are controlled
  2. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, p < 0.10