Litigation | Petitions to upper-level governments | |
---|---|---|
Framing logic | Rights based on laws | Grievance attributed to administrative problems |
Forms of appeal | United appeal | Fragmental appeals |
Procedures to appeal | Clear since it is stated in procedural laws | No clear procedure in text |
Controllability and predictability of outcome | Controllable procedure; unpredictable outcome | Totally out of control and unpredictable |
Impact on social stability | Beneficial to social stability | Jeopardizes social stability |
Relationships between the two parties of the protest | Equal and independent | Subordinate and affiliated |
Self-concept | Boundary-firm self | Boundary-permeated self |
State-individual relationship | Egalitarian | Subordinate |