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Table 4 Firm scale, family intentions, and family control (N = 2098)

From: Family involvement, firm size, and performance of private-owned enterprises

Variables

Family ownership

Family management

Family intentions

Model 1(A)

Model 1(B)

Model 2(A)

Model 2(B)

Model 3

Entrepreneurs’ education (primary education)

  

 Secondary education

−0.026

−0.024

−0.096***

−0.091***

−0.045

 

(0.022)

(0.022)

(0.025)

(0.024)

(0.079)

 Higher education

−0.093***

−0.077***

−0.240***

−0.205***

−0.331***

 

(0.021)

(0.021)

(0.024)

(0.022)

(0.074)

Politics relationship (1 = yes)

0.003

0.006

−0.026****

−0.019

−0.063

 

(0.013)

(0.013)

(0.015)

(0.014)

(0.047)

Diversification strategy (1 = yes)

0.032*

0.032*

0.030****

0.030****

−0.005

 

(0.015)

(0.015)

(0.017)

(0.016)

(0.052)

Manufacturing (1 = yes)

−0.013

−0.01

0.005

0.012

−0.072

 

(0.013)

(0.013)

(0.014)

(0.014)

(0.045)

Firm location (western)

 Eastern

−0.005

−0.003

−0.012

−0.008

−0.037

 

(0.016)

(0.016)

(0.018)

(0.017)

(0.058)

 Central

−0.007

−0.001

−0.004

0.009

−0.131*

 

(0.019)

(0.018)

(0.021)

(0.020)

(0.065)

Firm age

0.004**

0.004**

0.001

0.002

−0.005

 

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.005)

Firm size

−0.009***

−0.008***

−0.008***

−0.006***

−0.024***

 

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.006)

Family intentions

 

0.047***

 

0.105***

 
  

(0.006)

 

(0.007)

 

Constant

0.854***

0.834***

0.446***

0.403***

0.413***

 

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.029)

(0.028)

(0.092)

R2

0.038

0.064

0.091

0.190

0.042

  1. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.1