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Table 3 Average years of schooling of daughters and sons and their impact on elderly people’s life quality in rural areas

From: Does the number of children matter to the happiness of their parents?

Variables

Health condition

Economic status

Living environment

Living pattern

 

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

R7

Self-assessment

Physical mobility

Relative economic status

Meat consumption

Flooring

Cooking energy

Living with children

Sons’ average years of schooling

.006 (.011)

−.005 (.011)

.051*** (.013)

−.028 (.018)

.017 (.012)

.027 (.031)

−.101*** (.033)

Daughters’ average years of schooling

.021** (.011)

.028** (.011)

.064*** (.013)

.025 (.017)

.047*** (.012)

.127*** (.031)

.014 (.031)

Personal characteristics of respondents

 Years of schooling

.014** (.007)

.010 (.007)

.030*** (.008)

.014 (.010)

.013* (.007)

.068*** (.018)

.019 (.019)

 Age

−.018*** (.007)

−.029*** (.007)

−.021*** (.008)

−.021** (.010)

−.029*** (.007)

−.058*** (.019)

−.098*** (.020)

Party membership

.172* (.094)

.152* (.093)

.127 (.111)

.139 (.135)

.034 (.101)

.168 (.262)

.126 (.275)

Number of siblings

.000 (.014)

.007 (.014)

−.006 (.016)

.046** (.022)

−.028** (.015)

−.066 (.038)

.006 (.040)

Mountainous areas

.073 (.060)

.008 (.059)

.067 (.070)

−.104 (.091)

.077 (.063)

−.1.030*** (.163)

−.491*** (.175)

Hilly areas

−.221*** (.077)

−.158** (.076)

.046 (.090)

.382*** (.125)

−.220*** (.082)

−.986*** (.209)

−.049 (.218)

Birth year of children

 1950s

.273 (.187)

−.208 (.185)

.125 (.220)

−.091 (.297)

−.005 (.200)

−.137 (.555)

1.222** (.544)

 1960s

−.220** (.088)

−.218** (.087)

.022 (.104)

.047 (.144)

−.057 (.094)

−.075 (.243)

.169 (.280)

 1970s

−.003 (.079)

.067 (.078)

.014 (.093)

.006 (.124)

.103 (.084)

.084 (.214)

−.351 (.231)

 1980s

−.096 (.071)

−.024 (.070)

−.049 (.083)

−.118 (.111)

.027 (.075)

−.424** (.198)

−.167 (.213)

Intercept

4.075*** (.417)

5.858*** (.441)

2.888*** (.489)

4.604*** (.646)

4.187** (.445)

2.897*** (1.176)

6.160 (1.229)

Valid sample

994

994

994

994

994

994

994

F-value

8.845***

14.220***

13.136***

4.466***

11.130***

163.83***

121.824***

R 2

.094

.148

.138

.093

.120

.203

.161

  1. Note: (1) Models R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are linear regression models; models R6 and R7 are binomial logistic regression; the output reports for the goodness of fit is Nagelkerke R 2; and the report for F is chi-square. (2) The number in brackets is the standard error of the estimate
  2. *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01