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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the main variables (N = 2750)
| Latent variables | Indicators | Mean/proportion | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic test (TEST) | Y1 word test score(0–34) | 21.709 | 7.076 |
| Y2 numeric test score(0–34) | 11.138 | 4.394 | |
| Rank of performance (RANK) | Y3 rank of Chinese test score reported by parents(1–4) | 2.701 | .936 |
| Y4 rank of Math test score reported by parents(1–4) | 2.642 | 1.006 | |
| Learning behaviors (Effort) | Y5 Working hard(1–5) | 3.475 | .872 |
| Y6 Concentration on class(1–5) | 3.671 | 0.813 | |
| Y7 Play only after finishing homework (1–5) | 3.300 | .993 | |
| Y8 Check answers after finishing homework(1–5) | 3.646 | .896 | |
| School quality (School) | Y9 Satisfaction with the school(1–5) | 3.838 | 1.028 |
| Y10 Satisfaction with the class advisor(1–5) | 4.161 | .969 | |
| Y11 Satisfaction with Chinese teacher(1–5) | 4.163 | .963 | |
| Y12 Satisfaction with Math teacher(1–5) | 4.134 | .959 | |
| Educational service (Tutor) | Y13 whether or not attended tutoring class(1 = yes) | .138 | .345 |
| Y14 Tutoring class expenditure | 1.547 | 2.751 | |
| Parent participation (P_Part) | Y15 Stop watching TV when the child is studying(1–5) | 3.448 | 1.310 |
| Y16 Discuss situations in school with the child(1–5) | 3.086 | 1.187 | |
| Y17 Always require the child to finish homework(1–5) | 3.916 | 1.040 | |
| Y18 Always check answers of homework for the child(1–5) | 2.882 | 1.378 | |
| Family social-economic status(FSES) | X1 log of mean family income per capita | 8.338 | .979 |
| X2 Father’s years of education | 6.841 | 4.297 | |
| X3 Mother’s years of education | 5.238 | 4.583 | |
| Demographic variables | X4 urban(1 = urban;0 = rural) | .383 | .486 |
| X5 Gender(1 = boy;0 = girl) | .506 | .500 | |
| X6 Ethnicity(1 = Han;0 = Minority) | .895 | .306 | |
| X7 Level of education(1 = middle school;0 = primary school) | .363 | .481 |
