Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the main variables (N = 2750)
Latent variables | Indicators | Mean/proportion | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
Basic test (TEST) | Y1 word test score(0–34) | 21.709 | 7.076 |
Y2 numeric test score(0–34) | 11.138 | 4.394 | |
Rank of performance (RANK) | Y3 rank of Chinese test score reported by parents(1–4) | 2.701 | .936 |
Y4 rank of Math test score reported by parents(1–4) | 2.642 | 1.006 | |
Learning behaviors (Effort) | Y5 Working hard(1–5) | 3.475 | .872 |
Y6 Concentration on class(1–5) | 3.671 | 0.813 | |
Y7 Play only after finishing homework (1–5) | 3.300 | .993 | |
Y8 Check answers after finishing homework(1–5) | 3.646 | .896 | |
School quality (School) | Y9 Satisfaction with the school(1–5) | 3.838 | 1.028 |
Y10 Satisfaction with the class advisor(1–5) | 4.161 | .969 | |
Y11 Satisfaction with Chinese teacher(1–5) | 4.163 | .963 | |
Y12 Satisfaction with Math teacher(1–5) | 4.134 | .959 | |
Educational service (Tutor) | Y13 whether or not attended tutoring class(1 = yes) | .138 | .345 |
Y14 Tutoring class expenditure | 1.547 | 2.751 | |
Parent participation (P_Part) | Y15 Stop watching TV when the child is studying(1–5) | 3.448 | 1.310 |
Y16 Discuss situations in school with the child(1–5) | 3.086 | 1.187 | |
Y17 Always require the child to finish homework(1–5) | 3.916 | 1.040 | |
Y18 Always check answers of homework for the child(1–5) | 2.882 | 1.378 | |
Family social-economic status(FSES) | X1 log of mean family income per capita | 8.338 | .979 |
X2 Father’s years of education | 6.841 | 4.297 | |
X3 Mother’s years of education | 5.238 | 4.583 | |
Demographic variables | X4 urban(1 = urban;0 = rural) | .383 | .486 |
X5 Gender(1 = boy;0 = girl) | .506 | .500 | |
X6 Ethnicity(1 = Han;0 = Minority) | .895 | .306 | |
X7 Level of education(1 = middle school;0 = primary school) | .363 | .481 |