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Table 2 Descriptive statistics (N = 1563)
| Variables | Percentage/mean |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 87.01 |
| Female | 12.99 |
| CCP membership | |
| Yes | 62.32 |
| No | 37.68 |
| Period of establishment | |
| 1978–1992 | 10.75 |
| 1993–2002 | 65.52 |
| 2003–2006 | 23.74 |
| Education | |
| Junior high school and below | 14.40 |
| High school | 34.68 |
| Technical college | 32.12 |
| Undergraduate or above | 18.81 |
| Age | 44.32 (7.95) |
| Tax amount (ln) | 3.60 (1.89) |
| Number of employees (ln) | 3.23 (1.35) |
| Associational involvement | |
| Yes | 67.37 |
| No | 32.63 |
| Political connection | |
| Yes | 40.63 |
| No | 59.37 |
| Region | |
| East | 63.79 |
| Middle | 22.97 |
| West | 13.24 |
| Resolution strategy | |
| Formal government agencies | 46.26 |
| Association | 11.77 |
| Enduring in silence | 18.62 |
| Confrontation | 8.51 |
| Informal | 14.84 |
| Development of Private economy | 7.73 (2.19) |
| GDP/100 (hundred million) | 11.11 (6.34) |
