Table 3 School fixed effect models predicting student performance (N = 17,284)

Motivation

2.266***

1.668***

2.813***

1.708***

1.180***

1.992***

(0.090)

(0.099)

(0.085)

(0.082)

(0.089)

(0.078)

Family SES

1.005***

1.330***

1.369***

(0.138)

(0.135)

(0.135)

Female

1.134***

5.491***

4.961***

(0.137)

(0.135)

(0.137)

Migrant

0.907***

1.249***

0.615**

(0.207)

(0.203)

(0.203)

Ethnic minority

0.009

− 0.009

0.176

(0.356)

(0.349)

(0.349)

Rural hukou

0.306

0.268

− 0.062

(0.170)

(0.167)

(0.167)

Only child

0.691***

0.342*

0.706***

(0.169)

(0.166)

(0.166)

Coresidence with both parents

0.622***

0.587***

0.436**

(0.171)

(0.168)

(0.168)

Cognitive test score

5.226***

4.050***

4.187***

(0.090)

(0.088)

(0.088)

Student effort

0.082***

0.072***

0.086***

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.017)

Parent-teacher interaction

− 0.246***

− 0.287***

− 0.213***

(0.041)

(0.040)

(0.040)

Ninth grade cohort

0.728***

0.349*

0.847***

0.431**

0.077

0.395**

(0.151)

(0.148)

(0.149)

(0.139)

(0.134)

(0.136)

Constant

62.735***

64.526***

60.804***

63.453***

63.462***

60.854***

(0.318)

(0.359)

(0.304)

(0.405)

(0.422)

(0.386)