Table 3 Tobit regression model of supplemental education consumption
From: “Purchasing hope”: the consumption of children’s education in urban China
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
College-degree parents (yes = 1) | 2162.54*** (256.74) | 1684.00*** (260.44) | 1998.09*** (258.10) | 1603.05*** (261.22) |
Parents’ occupation (white collar = 1) | 779.95** (260.34) | 665.90* (259.55) | 748.79** (259.89) | 653.10* (259.26) |
Family economic status (poor = 0) | ||||
Medium | 2071.41*** (355.67) | 1802.00*** (356.38) | 1938.27*** (355.74) | 1725.10*** (356.44) |
Wealthy | 3471.24*** (479.31) | 3338.08*** (478.56) | 3336.33*** (478.97) | 3249.45*** (478.47) |
Parents’ education expectations | 246.75*** (35.61) | 208.29*** (35.60) | 184.46*** (35.91) | 184.85*** (35.89) |
Grade (grade 9 = 1) | 2051.06*** (195.83) | 1966.25*** (195.22) | 2119.01*** (195.79) | 2024.51*** (195.36) |
Boarding in school (yes = 1) | − 3749.20*** (381.94) | − 3416.14*** (383.25) | − 3706.68*** (381.65) | − 3408.99*** (383.11) |
School community (central urban area = 1) | 2248.15*** (231.19) | 2039.14*** (231.24) | 2174.47*** (231.05) | 1994.78*** (231.17) |
Geographic location of school (west = 0) | ||||
East | 42.19 (219.82) | 69.97 (219.10) | 48.33 (219.57) | 74.35 (218.98) |
Central | − 7126.50*** (468.47) | − 6933.40*** (468.51) | − 7105.59*** (468.26) | − 6947.70*** (468.49) |
Quantitative children structure (the single-child family = 1) | 1894.04*** (220.22) | 1750.22*** (222.35) | ||
Sex structure of children (boy = 1) | − 1286.02*** (194.11) | − 1200.76*** (194.50) | ||
Residential structure of family (living with both parents = 1) | 166.39 (227.83) | 118.64 (227.88) | ||
Parental companionship time | 110.31*** (32.23) | 102.65** (32.21) | ||
Affection interaction | 566.33*** (104.53) | 409.88*** (105.53) | ||
Constant | − 10,573.74*** (747.52) | − 10,563.00*** (769.83) | − 10,200.91*** (761.20) | − 10,320.65*** (785.81) |
Sigma | 7922.18*** (93.93) | 7874.21*** (93.24) | 7901.97*** (93.64) | 7861.84*** (93.06) |
Pseudo R2 | .0147 | .0160 | .0152 | .0163 |
N | 9272 | 9272 | 9272 | 9272 |