From: “Purchasing hope”: the consumption of children’s education in urban China
Variables | Model 5 (all samples) | Model 6 (father samples) | Model 7 (mother samples) | Model 8 (curricular tutoring class) | Model 9 (art/sports interest class) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
College-degree parents (yes = 1) | .63*** (.07) | .51*** (.11) | .70*** (.09) | .45*** (.06) | .52*** (.06) |
Parents’ occupation (white collar = 1) | .15* (.07) | .16 (.10) | .21* (.10) | .00 (.06) | .24*** (.06) |
Family economic status (poor = 0) | |||||
Medium | .31*** (.07) | .33*** (.10) | .23* (.11) | .31*** (.08) | .20* (.08) |
Wealthy | .72*** (.11) | .66*** (.16) | .70*** (.16) | .56*** (.11) | .63*** (.11) |
Parents’ education expectations | .05*** (.01) | .06*** (.01) | .04** (.01) | .06*** (.01) | .03** (.01) |
Grade (grade 9 = 1) | − .11* (.05) | − .10 (.07) | − .09 (.06) | .10* (.05) | − .14** (.05) |
Boarding in school (yes = 1) | − .50*** (.08) | − .45*** (.11) | − .54*** (.11) | − .58*** (.08) | − .18* (.08) |
School community (central urban area = 1) | .56*** (.05) | .65*** (.08) | .45*** (.07) | .51*** (.05) | .35*** (.05) |
Geographic location of school (west = 0) | |||||
East | − .22*** (.06) | − .25** (.08) | − .22** (.08) | − .35*** (.05) | − .14** (.05) |
Central | − 1.09*** (.09) | − 1.09*** (.13) | − 1.11*** (.12) | − 1.65*** (.10) | − .42*** (.09) |
Quantitative offspring structure (single-child family = 1) | .35*** (.05) | .32*** (.07) | .34*** (.07) | .38*** (.05) | .14** (.05) |
Sex structure of offspring (boy = 1) | − .32*** (.05) | − .28*** (.07) | − .30*** (.06) | − .19*** (.05) | − .41*** (.05) |
Residence structure of family (living with both parents = 1) | .12* (.05) | .18* (.09) | .14* (.07) | .13* (.05) | .04 (.05) |
Parental companionship time | .02** (.01) | .01 (.01) | .03* (.01) | .02** (.01) | .01 (.01) |
Affection interaction | .16*** (.02) | .18*** (.04) | .12*** (.03) | .12*** (.02) | .13*** (.02) |
Constant | − 1.03*** (.17) | − 1.41*** (.26) | − .62* (.24) | − 1.85*** (.18) | − 1.36*** (.17) |
Pseudo R2 | .1243 | .1254 | .1143 | .1160 | .0666 |
N | 9272 | 4043 | 5229 | 9272 | 9272 |