Table 3 Factor loadings corresponding to the second-order CFA

2000

2005

2010

2015

 x1

15+ Illiterate

0.857

0.891

0.926

0.94

 x2

6–14 Without school

0.541

0.513

0.495

0.373

 x3

15+ Without elementary school

0.870

0.845

0.836

0.824

 x4

without health service

0.718

0.629

0.327

-0.098

Omega

0.84

0.819

0.761

0.645

 x5

Ground floor

0.881

0.91

0.735

0.849

 x6

Without toilet

0.506

0.252

0.325

0.273

 x7

Without pipe water

0.63

0.621

0.56

0.519

 x8

Without drainage

0.841

0.787

0.797

0.764

 x9

Without electricity

0.654

0.576

0.605

0.617

Omega

0.835

0.781

0.75

0.755

 x10

Without washing machine

0.942

0.953

0.961

0.952

 x11

Without refrigerator

0.986

0.966

0.951

0.943

Omega

0.964

0.959

0.955

0.946

 F1

Education

0.932

0.892

0.875

0.866

 F2

Household characteristics

0.992

0.958

0.923

0.923

 F3

Household assets

0.909

0.928

0.945

0.946

CFI

0.874

0.885

0.887

0.913

RMSEA

0.168

0.149

0.136

0.115

SRMR

0.054

0.061

0.059

0.055