Table 2 Spatial panel data estimation by region. Fixed effects, 2005–2018

Precariousness difference

− 0.29 ^a

− 0.32 ^a

− 0.47^a

− 0.45^a

− 0.09

− 0.09

− 0.25^a

− 0.26 ^a

(− 2.75)

(− 2.96)

(− 4.21)

(− 4.01)

(− 1.22)

(−1.26)

(− 2.87)

(− 2.98)

Training difference

0.009

0.01

0.05 ^c

0.05^c

− 0.02

− 0.01

− 0.003

− 0.004

(0.73)

(0.71)

(1.93)

(1.87)

(− 1.08)

(−0.99)

(− 0.15)

(− 0.19)

Difference in experience

0.39 ^b

0.37^b

0.42 ^b

0.38 ^c

0.06

0.007

0.14

0.11

(2.41)

(2.22)

(2.05)

(1.82)

(0.36)

(0.04)

(0.82)

(0.61)

Difference in occupation

0.38^a

0.46 ^b

0.45 ^a

− 0.23

− 0.17 ^c

− 1.29 ^a

0.17 ^b

− 0.17

(3.92)

(2.02)

(4.51)

(− 0.45)

(− 1.89)

(−2.65)

(2.19)

(− 0.35)

Difference in education

0.61^b

1.64^a

1.59 ^a

1.61 ^a

(2.41)

(4.41)

(5.87)

(5.35)

Difference in primary education

− 0.07

0.05

0.09

− 0.02

(− 0.95)

(0.39)

(0.91)

(− 0.159)

Difference in secondary education

− 0.05

0.09

0.14

− 0.08

(− 0.54)

(0.49)

(0.87)

(− 0.46)

Difference in under/post-graduate studies

0.05

0.47^a

0.78 ^a

0.38 ^c

(0.81)

(2.76)

(3.44)

(1.93)

Rho

0.01

0.01

0.08

0.07

0.03

0.04

0.11 ^c

0.12 ^b

(0.15)

(0.17)

(1.38)

(1.33)

(0.52)

(0.77)

(1.89)

(2.15)

LM1

5.57^a

4.91^a

5.45^a

5.04^a

4.32^a

3.26^a

7.57^a

6.55^a

LM2

− 0.97

1.00

1.94^c

1.88^b

0.93

0.84

2.54^b

2.1^b

CLMlambda

0.09

0.05

1.36

1.43

0.54

0.75

1.94^b

2.17^b

Hausman spatial

13.72^b

30.44^a

5.53

3.29

10.86^c

11.33

7.83

3.11