Table 2 Factor analysis of school processing ability: based on a hierarchical linear model

School ranking, middle-upper

.233 (.098)^*

.222 (.096)^*

.162 (.093)⁺

.135 (.088)

.087 (.076)

.043 (.074)

.044 (.072)

School ranking, top

.474 (.119)^**

.462 (.116)^**

.318 (.119)^**

.242 (.115)^*

.230 (.093)^*

.122 (.095)

.092 (.093)

School material resources

.082 (.027)^**

.087 (.027)^**

.073 (.026)^**

.074 (.025)^**

.058 (.022)^**

.049 (.021)^*

.052 (.021)*

Teacher quality

.435 (.210) ^*

.238 (.218)

− .012 (.219)

− .054 (.208)

.126 (.175)

− .041 (.175)

− .094 (.171)

Teaching environment (teacher-student interactions)

.432 (.169)^*

.357 (.168)^*

.230 (.160)

.239 (.146)

.208 (.141)

.129 (.137)

School time schedule (h/day)

.018 (.034)

− .013 (.033)

.012 (.028)

.026 (.027)

.010 (.026)

High school promotion pressure

.042 (.094)

.039 (.089)

− .017 (.078)

.005 (.076)

.014 (.073)

School socioeconomic status

.687 (.193)^**

.515 (.191)^**

.501 (.157)^**

.397 (.158)^*

School’s academic level at enrollment

1.149 (.522)^*

.847 (.407)^*

Learning foundation

− .312 (.013)^**

− .206 (.012)^**

Constant

− 2.113 (.352)^**

− 3.153 (.534)^**

− 3.098 (.724)^**

− 1.959 (.706)^**

− 1.838 (.811)^*

− 2.031 (.780)^**

− 1.464 (.770)⁺