Table 1 Definitions of parenting practice
Dimension | Concerted cultivation | Natural growth |
|---|---|---|
Parenting value (cognitive level) | Take responsibility of children’s growth Authoritative | Meet children’s material needs Authoritarian or neglecting |
Parent-child relationship (interaction level) | Frequent and intimate communication | Commands A distant relationship |
Skill building (behavior level) | Stress on noncognitive skills Focus on extracurricular activities | Stress on cognitive skills No emphasis on extracurricular activities |