Fig. 1

Changes in the proportion of central and provincial fiscal expenditures ((1)Science, education, culture, and health is abbreviated as SECH (2)After 2007, the proportion of the central government's public security expenditures changed significantly, which may be related to the reform of fiscal expenditures in China in 2007. In the robustness test, to ensure that the research conclusions are not affected by the budget account reform policy, this article only uses the data after 2007)