Table 1 Descriptive statistics of each variable
From: Institutional inertia, local leadership turnover, and changes in the structure of fiscal expenditure
Variable | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | Deviation rate of economic construction expenditures | 0.76 | 1.24 | − 0.46 | 13.06 |
Deviation rate of science, education, culture, and health expenditures | 0.03 | 0.19 | − 0.43 | 0.84 | |
Deviation rate of public security expenditures | -0.06 | 0.13 | − 0.40 | 0.56 | |
Term length | 2.93 | 1.87 | 1.00 | 10.00 | |
Age of Official | 57.97 | 3.86 | 45.00 | 65.00 | |
From the central government | 0.29 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
From the province | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
Provincial Party Committee secretary | Deviation rate of economic construction expenditures | 0.75 | 1.16 | − 0.42 | 9.54 |
Deviation rate of science, education, culture, and health expenditures | 0.02 | 0.17 | − 0.49 | 0.60 | |
Deviation rate of public security expenditures | -0.06 | 0.14 | − 0.38 | 0.64 | |
Term length | 3.07 | 2.15 | 1.00 | 14.00 | |
Age of Official | 60.36 | 3.86 | 47.00 | 70.00 | |
From the central government | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
From the province | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
Goals | Absolute deviation ratio of economic construction expenditures from the national average | − 0.00 | 0.21 | − 0.71 | 0.84 |
Absolute deviation ratio of science, education, culture, and health of expenditures from the national average | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.61 | |
Absolute deviation ratio of public security expenditures from the national average | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.49 | |
The deviation between local and central | Absolute deviation of the ratio of economic construction expenditures | 0.16 | 0.08 | − 0.05 | 0.35 |
Absolute deviation of the ratio of science, education, culture, and health expenditures | 0.10 | 0.05 | − 0.03 | 0.25 | |
Absolute deviation of the ratio of public security expenditures | − 0.02 | 0.02 | − 0.07 | 0.03 | |
Provincial level control variables | Urbanization rate | 0.54 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.90 |
Aging rate | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.20 | |
GDP (logarithm) | 9.43 | 1.05 | 5.83 | 11.49 | |
Permanent population (logarithm) | 8.11 | 0.85 | 5.67 | 9.34 | |
Industrial enterprises (logarithm) | 8.70 | 1.42 | 4.03 | 11.09 | |
The added value of the primary industry (logarithm) | 6.94 | 1.14 | 4.01 | 8.51 | |
The added value of the secondary industry (logarithm) | 8.62 | 1.11 | 4.59 | 10.63 | |
The added value of the tertiary industry (logarithm) | 8.60 | 1.08 | 5.24 | 10.87 |