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Table 1 Cognitive ability of urban and rural students

From: Does preschool attendance affect the urban-rural cognition gap among middle school students? Evidence from China Education Panel Survey

Grade

Sample

N

Mean

Diff.

Effect size

7

Nationwide

Urban

4332

0.154

0.248***

0.290

Rural

5104

− 0.094

West region

Urban

1181

0.120

0.327***

0.399

Rural

1111

− 0.207

9

Nationwide

Urban

3637

0.215

0.362***

0.438

Rural

4675

− 0.147

West region

Urban

1046

0.243

0.478***

0.570

Rural

973

− 0.236

  1. Notes: (1) *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01