Table 2 Key definitions or conceptions in in-work poverty research (1965s-2000s)
Concept over Time and space | Key descriptions | Specific context | |
|---|---|---|---|
1965s–1980s | US | (1) Male family heads, family income (Greenberg and Kosters 1970; Tella 1971); (2) Being poor while working (Miller 1970); individual full-time wage earner (Wachtel and Betsey 1972); Low-paid work force (Bluestone et al. 1973); a marginal level of existence (Abbott 1980) (3) Black, minority workers in low-wage, low-skill Jobs (Nickson and Karp 1974; Frankovic 1976) | (1) Societal: Social protection systems (Family Assistance Plan and Food Stamp Program (FAP-FSP)); sociodemographic structures (ethnicity: black); (2) Social institutions (academicians) (3) Individual: well-being, mentality (health) |
Canada | Low-income Canadians (National Council of Welfare 1987) | Societal: sociodemographic structure (profile of working poor) | |
France | Working poor (Scardigli 1970) | National: legal framework (social polices) | |
Kenya | Unrewarding employment (Leys 1973) | National: labour markets | |
1980s–2000s | US | (1) Women’s unpaid housework (Moser and Young 1981; Willen 1988); women’s position in informal sector, flexible work (Noponen 1992; De Wolff 2000); immigrate women (Weitzman and Berry 1992); low-waged women workers (Figart and Lapidus 1995) (2) Survival between work and family: be loving and caring parents and productive efficient workers (Shiu 1989); single-parent with children (Kim 1998) (3) Economic hardship (Klein and Rones 1989); low-income families (Shapiro and Greenstein 1990); working-poor household (Craypo and Cormier 2000); labouring for Less (Shapiro 1989) (4) A missing element in welfare reform (Levitan and Shapiro 1987) | (1) Societal: gender; family; health insurance; state-subsidized childcare (2) National: work and family policies; health care polices; tax polices (Earned Income Tax Credit); labour market (occupational hierarchy); |
Europe | The uninsured (Darling and Bass 1987) | National: federal policy | |
Asia Pacific | Female poverty in India (Gulati 1981); Work long hours for a meagre income (Siddiqui 1990)-Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Bangladesh | Societal: gender National and Global: labour law in cross-national analysis | |