Global exposure: an alternative pathway to understanding cultural omnivorousness in East Asian societies

The Journal of Chinese Sociology

Table 1 Descriptive statistics

	Full sample	China	Japan	South Korean
	%/Mean (S.D.)	%/Mean (S.D.)	%/Mean (S.D.)	%/Mean (S.D.)
Country
China	48.78
Japan	29.94
South Korea	21.28
Cultural omnivorousness indicators
VCO^abc	32.34	20.92	42.61	44.08
HCO^abc	31.52	28.51	25.45	46.95
Types of cultural omnivorousness^abc
Neither VCO nor HCO	50.94	60.59	46.62	34.88
VCO only	17.54	10.90	27.93	18.17
HCO only	16.72	18.49	10.78	21.04
Both VCO and HCO	14.80	10.02	14.68	25.91
Socioeconomic status indicators
Self-rated social class (1–10)^abc	4.78 (1.82)	4.59 (1.96)	5.11 (1.67)	4.75 (1.61)
Education level^abc
Less than high school	38.84	61.91	15.28	19.10
High school	33.84	22.84	46.89	40.99
College and above	27.25	15.25	37.82	39.91
Household income level
1st quartile	24.62	25.54	24.53	22.66
2nd quartile	27.09	28.24	24.46	28.15
3rd quartile	23.26	21.49	26.99	22.04
4th quartile	25.03	24.73	24.02	27.15
Global exposure indicators
Global knowledge^abc	28.65	29.42	24.63	32.56
Global traveling^abc	18.93	11.05	33.81	16.04
Global social ties^abc	9.93	6.33	11.98	15.31
English literacy^abc	15.73	11.77	17.26	22.66
Level of global exposure (0–4)^ab	0.76 (0.89)	0.64 (0.66)	0.88 (1.02)	0.87 (1.04)
Control variables
Gender (1 = male)	47.33	47.71	46.89	47.10
Age (18–98)^ac	45.46 (15.81)	43.05 (14.16)	51.44 (17.08)	42.58 (15.27)
Marital Status (1 = married)^abc	75.76	82.69	71.36	66.05
Religious affiliated^abc	26.94	9.62	31.89	59.71
Having a paid job^b	64.14	65.52	64.16	60.94
Urban residence^bc	69.83	65.01	64.10	88.94
N	6076	2964	1819	1293

^aSignificantly different between the Chinese sample and the Japanese sample at p < .05 level
^bSignificantly different between the Chinese sample and the South Korean sample at p < .05 level
^cSignificantly different between the Japanese sample and the South Korean sample at p < .05 level