| China | Japan | South Korea | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 13 | Model 14 | Model 15 | |||||||
VCO versus Neither | HCO versus Neither | Both versus Neither | VCO versus Neither | HCO versus Neither | Both versus Neither | VCO versus Neither | HCO versus Neither | Both versus Neither | |
Socioeconomic status indicators | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Self-rated social class | 0.076* | 0.033 | 0.031 | − 0.057 | 0.014 | 0.006 | 0.022 | 0.087 | 0.014 |
 | (0.038) | (0.026) | (0.035) | (0.040) | (0.050) | (0.045) | (0.056) | (0.054) | (0.049) |
Education (rf. Less than high school) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 High school | 0.564*** | 0.193 | 0.356* | 1.543*** | 0.339 | 0.788*** | 0.316 | − 0.472+ | 0.005 |
 | (0.170) | (0.129) | (0.166) | (0.303) | (0.216) | (0.224) | (0.301) | (0.245) | (0.234) |
 College and above | 0.321 | − 0.326 | 0.134 | 2.109*** | 0.177 | 0.967*** | 0.694* | − 0.514+ | 0.201 |
 | (0.209) | (0.200) | (0.217) | (0.315) | (0.275) | (0.258) | (0.319) | (0.281) | (0.260) |
Household income level (rf. First quartile) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Second quartile | 0.433 | 0.040 | − 0.113 | − 0.064 | 0.141 | 0.029 | 0.107 | 0.296 | 0.144 |
 | (0.265) | (0.175) | (0.242) | (0.253) | (0.289) | (0.284) | (0.332) | (0.322) | (0.289) |
 Third quartile | 0.633* | − 0.043 | 0.048 | 0.199 | − 0.104 | 0.232 | − 0.022 | 0.323 | 0.192 |
 | (0.248) | (0.181) | (0.234) | (0.174) | (0.247) | (0.211) | (0.391) | (0.376) | (0.335) |
 Fourth quartile | 0.725** | − 0.187 | 0.183 | 0.163 | − 0.268 | − 0.127 | 0.114 | 0.258 | 0.179 |
 | (0.254) | (0.192) | (0.237) | (0.193) | (0.266) | (0.235) | (0.415) | (0.400) | (0.357) |
Global exposure indicators | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Level of global exposure | 0.445*** | 0.471*** | 0.196** | 0.410*** | 0.127 | − 0.056 | 0.526*** | 0.361*** | 0.123+ |
 | (0.096) | (0.065) | (0.063) | (0.088) | (0.995) | (0.095) | (0.099) | (0.079) | (0.058) |
Control variables | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Gender (1 = male) | 0.180 | − 0.143 | − 0.169 | − 0.596*** | 0.085 | − 0.220 | − 0.473** | 0.019 | − 0.540*** |
 | (0.139) | (0.105) | (0.135) | (0.130) | (0.171) | (0.152) | (0.176) | (0.181) | (0.162) |
Age | − 0.096** | 0.086** | 0.011 | 0.034 | 0.272*** | 0.182*** | − 0.007 | 0.151*** | 0.159*** |
 | (0.036) | (0.027) | (0.033) | (0.026) | (0.046) | (0.034) | (0.036) | (0.036) | (0.032) |
Age square/100 | 0.046 | − 0.103*** | − 0.033 | − 0.045+ | − 0.221*** | − 0.149*** | 0.006 | − 0.117*** | − 0.132*** |
 | (0.043) | (0.030) | (0.037) | (0.027) | (0.041) | (0.031) | (0.037) | (0.036) | (0.032) |
Marital status (1 = married) | − 0.162 | 0.260 | 0.042 | 0.081 | 0.317 | 0.086 | − 0.019 | 0.156 | − 0.143 |
 | (0.206) | (0.178) | (0.213) | (0.162) | (0.221) | (0.186) | (0.244) | (0.229) | (0.208) |
Religious affiliated (1 = yes) | 0.171 | 0.151 | 0.332 | 0.128 | − 0.007 | 0.219 | 0.226 | 0.209 | 0.346* |
 | (0.221) | (0.166) | (0.205) | (0.143) | (0.178) | (0.157) | (0.162) | (0.168) | (0.150) |
Paid job (1 = yes) | − 0.279 | 0.035 | − 0.059 | − 0.086 | − 0.265 | − 0.499* | 0.303 | 0.016 | − 0.003 |
 | (0.186) | (0.140) | (0.180) | (0.172) | (0.224) | (0.196) | (0.250) | (0.245) | (0.215) |
Urban (1 = yes) | 0.614** | − 0.024 | 0.228 | 0.311* | − 0.089 | − 0.098 | 0.039 | − 0.109 | − 0.555* |
 | (0.193) | (0.122) | (0.171) | (0.135) | (0.169) | (0.151) | (0.292) | (0.241) | (0.218) |
Constant | − 0.309 | − 3.266*** | − 2.245*** | − 2.859*** | − 9.591*** | − 6.986*** | − 1.250 | − 5.004*** | − 3.978*** |
 | (0.676) | (0.576) | (0.671) | (0.647) | (1.270) | (0.894) | (0.813) | (0.883) | (0.756) |
Log-likelihood | − 2968.10 | − 2035.50 | − 1797.20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
N | Â | 2964 | Â | Â | 1819 | Â | Â | 1293 | Â |