Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables
Variable | Male students | Female students | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables at the individual level | ||||||
Students agree that “men are better at mathematics” | 0.598 | (0.490) | 0.442 | (0.497) | 0.524 | (0.499) |
Parents agree that “men are better at mathematics” | 0.435 | (0.496) | 0.352 | (0.478) | 0.396 | (0.489) |
Male classmates: average stereotype | 0.598 | (0.161) | 0.601 | (0.162) | 0.599 | (0.162) |
Female classmates: average stereotype | 0.449 | (0.186) | 0.443 | (0.184) | 0.446 | (0.185) |
Variables at individual/grade level (time-varying variable) | ||||||
Mathematics capability | 0.326 | (10.012) | 0.364 | (0.940) | 0.344 | (0.978) |
Mathematics capability in grade 7 | − 0.101 | (0.831) | − 0.069 | (0.777) | − 0.086 | (0.806) |
Mathematics capability in grade 8 | 0.568 | (1.058) | 0.619 | (0.958) | 0.593 | (1.011) |
Mathematics capability in grade 9 | 0.598 | (0.987) | 0.604 | (0.908) | 0.601 | (0.949) |
The math teacher is female | 0.550 | (0.498) | 0.558 | (0.497) | 0.554 | (0.497) |
Length of junior high school (month) | 16.533 | (10.939) | 16.830 | (11.007) | 16.677 | (10.973) |
N (student, grade) | 5211, 13,896 | 4728, 13,007 | 9939, 26,903 | |||
Variables at the school level | Variables at the district level | |||||
Teacher: average stereotype | 2.062 | (0.417) | Sex ratio (10–14 years old) | 1.139(0.073) | ||
N (school) | 112 | N (district) | 28 | |||