Table 2 Factors influencing mathematics capability, multilevel linear regression

Students agree that “men are better at mathematics”

0.048^*

(0.019)

0.017

(0.026)

0.048^*

(0.019)

 − 0.054^**

(0.019)

 − 0.021

(0.025)

 − 0.054^**

(0.019)

Parents agree that “men are better at mathematics”

0.060^**

(0.019)

0.060^**

(0.019)

0.043⁺

(0.025)

 − 0.041^*

(0.019)

 − 0.041^*

(0.019)

 − 0.013

(0.025)

Male classmates: average stereotype

0.377^**

(0.091)

0.377^**

(0.091)

0.376^**

(0.091)

0.194^*

(0.087)

0.192^*

(0.087)

0.193^*

(0.087)

Female classmates: average stereotype

 − 0.053

(0.073)

 − 0.051

(0.073)

 − 0.052

(0.073)

 − 0.011

(0.070)

 − 0.011

(0.070)

 − 0.011

(0.070)

School: teacher average stereotype

0.045

(0.077)

0.045

(0.077)

0.045

(0.077)

0.052

(0.073)

0.052

(0.073)

0.051

(0.073)

The math teacher is female

0.034⁺

(0.019)

0.033⁺

(0.019)

0.034⁺

(0.019)

0.047^**

(0.018)

0.048^**

(0.018)

0.048^**

(0.018)

Length of junior high school

0.022^**

(0.001)

0.021^**

(0.001)

0.022^**

(0.001)

0.022^**

(0.001)

0.023^**

(0.001)

0.023^**

(0.001)

Length of junior high school × stereotype of students

0.002⁺

(0.001)

 − 0.002^*

(0.001)

Length of junior high school × stereotype of parents

0.001

(0.001)

 − 0.002⁺

(0.001)

School: socioeconomic status

1.123^**

(0.197)

1.124^**

(0.197)

1.123^**

(0.197)

0.943^**

(0.185)

0.942^**

(0.185)

0.943^**

(0.185)